«Voici l'histoire d'un meurtre politique de masse.» C'est par ces mots que Timothy Snyder entame le récit de la catastrophe au cours de laquelle, entre 1933 et 1945, 14 millions de civils, principalement des femmes, des enfants et des vieillards, ont été tués par l'Allemagne nazie et l'Union soviétique stalinienne. Tous l'ont été dans un même territoire, que l'auteur appelle les «terres de sang» et qui s'étend de la Pologne centrale à la Russie occidentale en passant par l'Ukraine, la Biélorussie et les pays Baltes. Plus de la moitié d'entre eux sont morts de faim, du fait de deux des plus grands massacres de l'histoire:les famines préméditées par Staline, principalement en Ukraine, au début des années 1930, qui ont fait plus de 4 millions de morts, et l'affamement par Hitler de quelque 3 millions et demi de prisonniers de guerre soviétiques, au début des années 1940. Ils ont précédé l'Holocauste et, selon Timothy Snyder, aident à le comprendre. Timothy Snyder en offre pour la première fois une synthèse si puissante qu'un nouveau chapitre de l'histoire de l'Europe paraît s'ouvrir avec lui.
Dans ce livre de 2003 devenu un classique, Timothy Snyder retrace, sur une durée de plus de quatre siècles, la construction et la reconstruction de l'idée de nation dans l'Europe du Nord-Est.
À l'orée de l'ère moderne, en 1569, la création de la République polono-lituanienne, dite aussi des Deux Nations, couvrant les territoires polonais, bélarusse, ukrainien et balte actuels, correspondait à une vision de la nation ouverte, fondée sur la citoyenneté et tolérante envers les langues et les religions. Elle acceptait en outre les diverses allégeances politiques en vigueur sur ces territoires.
Selon l'historien américain, cette formule s'est brisée avec la révolution polonaise de 1863 et l'émergence du nationalisme moderne, qui lui a substitué une conception de la nation ethnique, linguistique et religieuse. Cette dernière ne tardera pas à susciter d'innombrables atrocités, qui culmineront, pendant et après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, dans les provinces de Galicie et de Volhynie, avec les effroyables nettoyages ethniques réciproques entre Polonais et Lituaniens.
La synthèse de cette histoire de longue durée, Timothy Snyder la trouve dans le fait que, quelque amère qu'ait été la reconstruction de ces nations, une politique polonaise sage et ambitieuse a abouti, après la chute du communisme, à l'abandon des revendications territoriales entre voisins orientaux, au gel des frontières issues de la décomposition de l'Union soviétique et à la construction de l'avenir par une intégration à l'Ouest (OTAN et Union européenne).
Selon Timothy Snyder, le legs de la vieille République polono-lituanienne protomoderne reste ainsi visible à qui se donne la peine de regarder sous les cendres de la géopolitique moderne.
Entamé au lendemain de l'élection de Donald Trump, ce texte se présente comme un guide de résistance, proposant aux Américains - mais aussi à l'Europe - un bref catalogue d'idées pour préserver les libertés dans les années à venir. Snyder exhorte ses compatriotes à ne pas se croire supérieurs aux habitants du Vieux Continent, et à ne pas se persuader que leurs institutions les mettent à l'abri d'un régime autoritaire.
En 20 chapitres didactiques, l'historien retrace les différentes étapes de la montée du nazisme et du stalinisme, pour aider le lecteur à identifier et comprendre les parallèles entre la situation actuelle aux États-Unis et l'histoire de l'Europe du XXe siècle. Snyder propose une série de préceptes élémentaires : ne pas faire preuve d'obéissance anticipée, protéger les institutions, faire attention aux mots et s'élever contre l'usage dévoyé des termes patriotiques, chercher la vérité des faits, refuser l'État à parti unique, se sentir responsable du monde...
Ce bréviaire tonique pour temps difficiles devrait intéresser le public français, à la fois fasciné et effrayé par l'avènement de Donald Trump, et ébranlé par la montée en force des extrémismes en Europe.
Pour Hitler, l'extermination des «races inférieures», à commencer par la «vermine juive» pour continuer par les Slaves, était étroitement liée à l'indispensable conquête du Lebensraum, «espace vital», mais aussi «habitat» et «niche écologique» pour la race nordique-germanique. La seule écologie saine consistait à éliminer l'ennemi politique, la seule politique saine à en purifier la terre.
D'où ce livre original et puissant, qui reprend dans toute son ampleur la genèse et le déroulement de l'extermination des Juifs. Celle-ci ne pouvait se réaliser que si l'Allemagne détruisait d'autres États. Au début, Staline l'a aidé dans cette entreprise, puis l'invasion de l'Union soviétique a créé les conditions autorisant le meurtre de millions de personnes.
Les territoires où l'État était détruit devenaient des zones de ténèbres où presque tous les Juifs mouraient. Si certains ont pu néanmoins survivre, c'est grâce à des institutions ressemblant à des États et à quelques rares Justes qui ont aidé des Juifs sans le secours de quiconque au péril de leur vie.
En conclusion, l'auteur débouche sur les perspectives d'un renouvellement possible, et même probable, des massacres de masse. La planète change. Avec la fin de la révolution verte, le réchauffement climatique, la pénurie d'eau et d'hydrocarbures, l'avenir laisse prévoir des situations qui rendraient à nouveau plausibles les visions hitlériennes de la vie, de l'espace et du temps.
Terre noire, traduction littérale de Black Earth, désigne précisément les riches terres à blé d'Ukraine convoitées par Hitler. Le titre résonne aussi d'un sens plus général, comme une métaphore de ce qui nous attend. Comprendre alors les mécanismes de l'Holocauste est peut-être le moyen et la chance, la dernière, de préserver l'humanité.
The past is another country, the old saying goes. The same might be said of the future. But which country? For Europeans and Americans today, the answer is Russia.
Today's Russia is an oligarchy propped up by illusions and falsities. But it also represents the fulfilment of tendencies already present in the West. And if Moscow's drive to dissolve Western states and values succeeds, this could become our reality too.
In this visionary work of contemporary history, Timothy Snyder shows how Russia works within the West to destroy the West; by supporting the far right in Europe, invading Ukraine in 2014, and waging a cyberwar during the 2016 presidential campaign and the EU referendum. Nowhere is this more obvious than in the creation of Donald Trump, an American failure deployed as a Russian weapon.
But this threat presents an opportunity to better understand the pillars of our freedoms, confront our own complacency and seek renewal. History never ends, and this new challenge forces us to face the choices that will determine the future: equality or oligarchy, individualism or totalitarianism, truth or lies.
The Road to Unfreedom helps us to see our world as if for the first time. It is necessary reading for any citizen of a democracy.
**NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER** 'A sort of survival book, a sort of symptom-diagnosis manual in terms of losing your democracy and what tyranny and authoritarianism look like up close' Rachel Maddow 'These 128 pages are a brief primer in every important thing we might have learned from the history of the last century, and all that we appear to have forgotten' Observer History does not repeat, but it does instruct.
In the twentieth century, European democracies collapsed into fascism, Nazism and communism. These were movements in which a leader or a party claimed to give voice to the people, promised to protect them from global existential threats, and rejected reason in favour of myth. European history shows us that societies can break, democracies can fall, ethics can collapse, and ordinary people can find themselves in unimaginable circumstances.
History can familiarise, and it can warn. Today, we are no wiser than the Europeans who saw democracy yield to totalitarianism in the twentieth century. But when the political order seems imperilled, our advantage is that we can learn from their experience to resist the advance of tyranny.
A virus is not human, but the reaction to it is a measure of humanity. America has not measured up well. Tens of thousands are dead for no reason. America is supposed to be about freedom, yet illness and fear make its citizens less free. After all, freedom is meaningless if we are too ill to think about our right to happiness or too weak to pursue it. So, if a government is making its people unhealthy it is also making them unfree. On December 29, 2019, Timothy Snyder fell gravely ill. As he clung to life he found himself reflecting on the fragility of health, not recognized in America as a human right, but without which all rights and freedoms have no meaning. And that was before the pandemic. We have since watched understaffed and undersupplied hospitals buckling under waves of coronavirus patients. The federal government made matters worse through wilful ignorance, misinformation, and profiteering. This passionate intervention outlines the lessons we must all learn, wherever we are, and finds glimmers of hope in dark times. Only by enshrining healthcare as a human right, elevating the authority of doctors and truth, and planning for our children''s future, can everyone be properly free. Freedom belongs to individuals. But to be free we need our health, and for our health we need one another.
Des palais de la monarchie des Habsbourg aux chambres de torture de l'Union soviétique, ce livre fait le récit d'un vie hors du commun, suspendue entre l'effondrement des empires centraux, consécutif à la Première Guerre mondiale, et l'émergence de l'Europe moderne.
William de Habsbourg, le Prince rouge, porta l'uniforme d'un officier autrichien, l'habit de cour d'un archiduc de Habsbourg, le simple costume d'un exilé parisien, le collier de l'ordre de la Toison d'or et, de temps à autre, une robe. Il parlait le polonais dans lequel il avait été élevé, l'italien de sa mère, l'allemand de son père, l'anglais de ses amis britanniques de sang royal et l'ukrainien de la terre sur laquelle il espérait régner.
Parvenu à la majorité pendant la Grande Guerre, il avait rejeté sa famille pour se battre aux côtés des Ukrainiens. Quand le rêve de devenir leur roi s'effondra, il devint tour à tour un allié des impérialistes allemands, un célèbre noceur français, un monarchiste autrichien enragé, un adversaire de Hitler et un espion de Staline pour le compte des Anglais et des Français.
Sur fond de capitales européennes et de champs de bataille, de stations de ski et de cellules de prison, Le Prince rouge saisit un moment unique de l'histoire de l'Europe où l'ordre ancien cède brutalement la place à un avenir incertain dans lequel toute chose, y compris l'identité elle-même, semble à saisir
A magisterial new history book about the bloodlands - the lands that lie between Stalin's Russia and Hitler's Germany - where 14 million people were killed during the years 1933 - 1944 In the middle of Europe, in the middle of the twentieth century, the Nazi and Soviet regimes murdered fourteen million people in the bloodlands between Berlin and Moscow.In a twelve-year-period, in these killing fields - today's Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Western Russia and the eastern Baltic coast - an average of more than one million citizens were slaughtered every year, as a result of deliberate policies unrelated to combat.
In his revelatory book Timothy Snyder offers a ground-breaking investigation into the motives and methods of Stalin and Hitler and, using scholarly literature and primary sources, pays special attention to the testimony of the victims, including the letters home, the notes flung from trains, the diaries on corpses. The result is a brilliantly researched, profoundly humane, authoritative and original book that forces us to re-examine the greatest tragedy in European history and re-think our past.
NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER From the author of On Tyranny comes a stunning new chronicle of the rise of authoritarianism from Russia to Europe and America. A brilliant analysis of our time.--Karl Ove Knausgaard, The New Yorker With the end of the Cold War, the victory of liberal democracy seemed final. Observers declared the end of history, confident in a peaceful, globalized future. This faith was misplaced. Authoritarianism returned to Russia, as Putin found fascist ideas that could be used to justify rule by the wealthy. In the 2010s, it has spread from east to west, aided by Russian warfare in Ukraine and cyberwar in Europe and the United States. Russia found allies among nationalists, oligarchs, and radicals everywhere, and its drive to dissolve Western institutions, states, and values found resonance within the West itself. The rise of populism, the British vote against the EU, and the election of Donald Trump were all Russian goals, but their achievement reveals the vulnerability of Western societies. In this forceful and unsparing work of contemporary history, based on vast research as well as personal reporting, Snyder goes beyond the headlines to expose the true nature of the threat to democracy and law. To understand the challenge is to see, and perhaps renew, the fundamental political virtues offered by tradition and demanded by the future. By revealing the stark choices before us--between equality or oligarchy, individuality or totality, truth and falsehood--Snyder restores our understanding of the basis of our way of life, offering a way forward in a time of terrible uncertainty.
Wilhelm von Habsburg wore the uniform of an Austrian officer, the court regalia of a Habsburg archduke, the simple suit of a Parisian exile, the decorations of the Order of the Golden Fleece and, every so often, a dress. He spoke the Italian of his archduke mother, the German of his archduke father, the English of his British royal friends, the Polish of the country his father wished to rule and the Ukrainian of the land Wilhelm wished to rule himself. Timothy Snyder''s masterful biography is not only a reconstruction of the life of this extraordinary man - a man who remained loyal to his Ukrainian dreams even after the country''s dissolution in 1921- but also charts the final collapse of the ancien regime in Europe and the rise of a new world order.
From the author of the #1 New York Times bestseller On Tyranny comes an impassioned condemnation of America's coronavirus response and an urgent call to rethink health and freedom . On December 29, 2019, historian Timothy Snyder fell gravely ill. Unable to stand, barely able to think, he waited for hours in an emergency room before being correctly diagnosed and rushed into surgery. Over the next few days, as he clung to life and the first light of a new year came through his window, he found himself reflecting on the fragility of health, not recognized in America as a human right but without which all rights and freedoms have no meaning. And that was before the pandemic. We have since watched American hospitals, long understaffed and undersupplied, buckling under waves of coronavirus patients. The federal government made matters worse through willful ignorance, misinformation, and profiteering. Our system of commercial medicine failed the ultimate test, and thousands of Americans died. In this eye-opening cri de coeur , Snyder traces the societal forces that led us here and outlines the lessons we must learn to survive. In examining some of the darkest moments of recent history and of his own life, Snyder finds glimmers of hope and principles that could lead us out of our current malaise. Only by enshrining healthcare as a human right, elevating the authority of doctors and medical knowledge, and planning for our children's future can we create an America where everyone is truly free.
B>A graphic edition of historian Timothy Snyder''s bestselling book of lessons for surviving and resisting America''s arc toward authoritarianism, featuring the visual storytelling talents of renowned illustrator Nora Krug./b>br>br>Timothy Snyder''s New York Times bestseller On Tyranny uses the darkest moments in twentieth-century history, from Nazism to Communism, to teach twenty lessons on resisting modern-day authoritarianism. Among the twenty include a warning to be aware of how symbols used today could affect tomorrow ("4: Take responsibility for the face of the world"), an urgent reminder to research everything for yourself and to the fullest extent ("11: Investigate"), a point to use personalized and individualized speech rather than cliched phrases for the sake of mass appeal ("9: Be kind to our language"), and more.br>br>In this graphic edition, Nora Krug draws from her highly inventive art style in Belonging--at once a graphic memoir, collage-style scrapbook, historical narrative, and trove of memories--to breathe new life, color, and power into Snyder''s riveting historical references, turning a quick-read pocket guide of lessons into a visually striking rumination. In a time of great uncertainty and instability, this edition of On Tyranny emphasizes the importance of being active, conscious, and deliberate participants in resistance.
LONGLISTED FOR THE 2015 SAMUEL JOHNSON PRIZE The essential new book by the author of Bloodlands - ''The most important work of history for years'', Antony Beevor A radical reframing of the Holocaust that challenges prevailing myths and draws disturbing parallels with the present. We have come to see the Holocaust as a factory of death, organised by bureaucrats. Yet by the time the gas chambers became operation more than a million European Jews were already dead: shot at close range over pits and ravines. They had been murdered in the lawless killing zones created by the German colonial war in the East, many on the fertile black earth that the Nazis believed would feed the German people. It comforts us to believe that the Holocaust was a unique event. But as Timothy Snyder shows, we have missed basic lessons of the history of the Holocaust, and some of our beliefs are frighteningly close to the ecological panic that Hitler expressed in the 1920s. As ideological and environmental challenges to the world order mount, our societies might be more vulnerable than we would like to think. Timothy Snyder''s Bloodlands was an acclaimed exploration of what happened in eastern Europe between 1933 and 1945, when Nazi and Soviet policy brought death to some 14 million people. Black Earth is a deep exploration of the ideas and politics that enabled the worst of these policies, the Nazi extermination of the Jews. Its pioneering treatment of this unprecedented crime makes the Holocaust intelligible, and thus all the more terrifying. For more reading on how ''Hitler''s World May Not Be So Far Away'' ( Guardian ) http://bit.ly/1KfRB2c
A brilliant, haunting, and profoundly original portrait of the defining tragedy of our time. In this epic history of extermination and survival, Timothy Snyder presents a new explanation of the great atrocity of the twentieth century, and reveals the risks that we face in the twenty-first. Based on new sources from eastern Europe and forgotten testimonies from Jewish survivors, Black Earth recounts the mass murder of the Jews as an event that is still close to us, more comprehensible than we would like to think, and thus all the more terrifying. The Holocaust began in a dark but accessible place, in Hitler's mind, with the thought that the elimination of Jews would restore balance to the planet and allow Germans to win the resources they desperately needed. Such a worldview could be realized only if Germany destroyed other states, so Hitler's aim was a colonial war in Europe itself. In the zones of statelessness, almost all Jews died. A few people, the righteous few, aided them, without support from institutions. Much of the new research in this book is devoted to understanding these extraordinary individuals. The almost insurmountable difficulties they faced only confirm the dangers of state destruction and ecological panic. These men and women should be emulated, but in similar circumstances few of us would do so. By overlooking the lessons of the Holocaust, Snyder concludes, we have misunderstood modernity and endangered the future. The early twenty-first century is coming to resemble the early twentieth, as growing preoccupations with food and water accompany ideological challenges to global order. Our world is closer to Hitler's than we like to admit, and saving it requires us to see the Holocaust as it was -- and ourselves as we are. Groundbreaking, authoritative, and utterly absorbing, Black Earth reveals a Holocaust that is not only history but warning.
Nous ne sommes pas plus intelligents que ceux qui, au XXe siècle, ont vu s'effondrer la démocratie en Europe et le totalitarisme s'y répandre. Mais nous avons un avantage:nous pouvons apprendre de leurs erreurs.Timothy Snyder livre ici un guide de la résistance. À travers vingt chapitres, il propose des clefs essentielles pour lutter contre les dérives de l'autoritarisme et défendre nos libertés citoyennes face à la montée des extêmes en Occident. Dans cette édition illustrée, l'artiste multiprimée Nora Krug offre, grâce à son univers graphique unique, un reflet saisissant de notre mémoire collective.«Il n'existe pas de livre plus concis, plus profond ni plus essentiel sur le sujet. Le chef-d'oeuvre de Timothy Snyder est un rappel saisissant de la myriade de formes insidieuses que prend l'oppression. Désormais magnifiquement illustré par Nora Krug, De la tyrannie met en lumi!ère ce à quoi nous devons être attentifs et ce contre quoi nous devons lutter» J.J. Abrams, réalisateur.
The twentieth century comes to life as an age of ideas - a time when, for good and for ill, the thoughts of the few reigned over the lives of the many. This title presents the triumphs and the failures of prominent intellectuals, adeptly explains both their ideas and the risks of their political commitments.
A graphic edition of historian Timothy Snyder's bestselling book of lessons for surviving and resisting America's arc toward authoritarianism, featuring the visual storytelling talents of renowned illustrator Nora Krug "Nora Krug has visualized and rendered some of the most valuable lessons of the twentieth century, which will serve all citizens as we shape the future."--Shepard Fairey, artist and activist Timothy Snyder's New York Times bestseller On Tyranny uses the darkest moments in twentieth-century history, from Nazism to Communism, to teach twenty lessons on resisting modern-day authoritarianism. Among the twenty include a warning to be aware of how symbols used today could affect tomorrow ("4: Take responsibility for the face of the world"), an urgent reminder to research everything for yourself and to the fullest extent ("11: Investigate"), a point to use personalized and individualized speech rather than clichéd phrases for the sake of mass appeal ("9: Be kind to our language"), and more.
In this graphic edition, Nora Krug draws from her highly inventive art style in Belonging--at once a graphic memoir, collage-style scrapbook, historical narrative, and trove of memories--to breathe new life, color, and power into Snyder's riveting historical references, turning a quick-read pocket guide of lessons into a visually striking rumination. In a time of great uncertainty and instability, this edition of On Tyranny emphasizes the importance of being active, conscious, and deliberate participants in resistance.
The final book of the brilliant historian and indomitable public critic Tony Judt, Thinking the Twentieth Century unites the conflicted intellectual history of an epoch into a soaring narrative. The twentieth century comes to life as an age of ideas - a time when, for good and for ill, the thoughts of the few reigned over the lives of the many. Judt presents the triumphs and the failures of prominent intellectuals, adeptly explaining both their ideas and the risks of their political commitments. Spanning an era with unprecedented clarity and insight, Thinking the Twentieth Century is a tour de force, a classic study of modern thought by one of the century's most incisive thinkers.The exceptional nature of this work is evident in its very structure - a series of intimate conversations between Judt and his friend and fellow historian Timothy Snyder, grounded in the texts of the time and focused by the intensity of their vision. Judt's astounding eloquence and range are on display here as never before. Traversing the complexities of modern life with ease, he and Snyder revive both thoughts and thinkers, guiding us through the debates that made our world. As forgotten ideas are revisited and fashionable trends scrutinized, the shape of a century emerges. Judt and Snyder draw us deep into their analysis, making us feel that we too are part of the conversation. We become aware of the obligations of the present to the past, and the force of historical perspective and moral considerations in the critique and reform of society, then and now.In restoring and indeed exemplifying the best of intellectual life in the twentieth century, Thinking the Twentieth Century opens pathways to a moral life for the twenty-first. This is a book about the past, but it is also an argument for the kind of future we should strive for: Thinking the Twentieth Century is about the life of the mind - and the mindful life.
